Gum Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Gum cancer, also known as gingival cancer, is a type of oral cavity cancer that originates in the gums. It can look and feel like common mouth issues, such as sores, irritation, or gum disease, which makes early detection tricky.

But spotting it early is key to successful treatment. Understanding the signs, risk factors, and next steps can help you feel more in control of your health.

What is Gum Cancer?

Gum cancer is a form of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that starts in the flat cells lining the gums. It falls under the broader category of oral cavity cancers, which also includes the tongue, cheeks, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth.

While oropharyngeal cancers (found farther back in the throat) are often linked to HPV, gum cancers are usually tied to long-term tobacco and alcohol use.

Most gum cancers are diagnosed in people over 40 and are more common in men. If you notice an unusual spot on your gums that doesn’t go away, especially if you smoke or drink regularly, a quick dental visit could make a big difference.

Signs of Gum Cancer

Gum cancer often starts subtly. It may look or feel like something harmless, making it easy to ignore. That’s why knowing the difference between cancer and more common conditions is important.

Here are signs that deserve a closer look:

• A sore that doesn’t heal after two weeks
  
• Red or white patches on the gums
  
• A lump, thick spot, or crusty area
  
• Sudden numbness or pain in one area
  
• A loose tooth with no clear cause

Early lesions are often painless, which adds to the confusion. In contrast, benign conditions like gingivitis cause more widespread redness and tenderness but usually respond to better hygiene.

If any one area of your gums feels different and doesn’t improve after two weeks, that’s your cue to check in with a dentist.

When Should You See A Dentist?

You don’t need to wait until something hurts. The best time to act is when a gum patch, sore, or lump hasn’t gone away after 14 days. That’s known as the “two-week rule”—a standard among dental professionals.

At your appointment, your dentist or hygienist will examine your mouth, feel your neck and jaw, and look for signs that may need further testing. If anything seems unusual, they’ll refer you to a specialist or recommend a biopsy.

Adjunctive tools, such as special lights or rinses, may be used in some offices, but for suspicious lesions, they’re not enough. A biopsy is still the gold standard.

How is Gum Cancer Diagnosed?

Gum cancer is diagnosed through a step-by-step process. First, a dental professional does a thorough visual and physical exam of your mouth, tongue, neck, and jaw. If a spot seems suspicious, the next step is a biopsy.

The scalpel (incisional) biopsy is the most reliable method for confirming or ruling out cancer. It allows doctors to confirm the diagnosis.

Brush biopsies, which collect only surface cells, are sometimes used for low-risk spots but can’t replace the diagnostic reliability of a scalpel sample.

Imaging studies, such as CT scans or MRIs, may be ordered to assess the extent of the cancer's spread or to evaluate nearby structures. PET/CT scans help detect hidden spread to lymph nodes or distant areas.

What You Should Know About Biopsies

A biopsy sounds intimidating, but it’s a short procedure that gives critical answers. Depending on the size and location of the lesion, your provider may recommend one of the following biopsy types:

• Incisional biopsy ⁠— A small wedge of the lesion is removed, especially if it’s large or in a tricky spot.
  
• Excisional biopsy ⁠— The entire lesion is removed if it’s small and easy to access.

You’ll likely receive local anesthesia, and the area may feel sore for a few days afterward. Healing is usually quick.

Different Stages of Gum Cancer

Once gum cancer is confirmed, doctors use staging to determine how far it has spread and which treatments make sense. The most common system is the TNM staging model, from the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). It looks at:

• T (Tumor) ⁠— How large the cancer is and how deeply it invades.
  
• N (Nodes) ⁠— Whether nearby lymph nodes are involved.
  
• M (Metastasis) ⁠— Whether it has spread to distant parts of the body.

Newer staging also includes depth of invasion (DOI) and extranodal extension (ENE). These factors predict the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide decisions about surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

Different scans help build a complete picture:

• CT scans show if the tumor has reached the jawbone.
  
• MRI maps how deep it goes into soft tissues.
  
• PET/CT finds hidden cancer in lymph nodes or other areas.

Treatment Options for Gum Cancer

Treatment depends heavily on the stage. For early-stage gum cancer, surgery alone is often enough. As the disease progresses, doctors may add radiation or chemotherapy to lower the risk of recurrence.

Here’s how care typically aligns with the stage:

• Stage 0 to II ⁠— Surgery first; may include minor bone removal. Neck dissection is usually not required at these stages unless high-risk features are present.
  
• Stage III to IVA ⁠— Surgery plus radiation or chemoradiation if high-risk features (like ENE or positive margins) are found.
  
• Stage IVB to IVC ⁠— For unresectable or metastatic cases, treatment focuses on controlling symptoms using chemo, targeted drugs, or immunotherapy.

Surgery and Reconstruction

Surgery is the primary treatment for gum cancer, particularly when detected early. The goal is to remove the tumor completely with clear margins—some healthy tissue around the edges.

Depending on how deep the cancer goes:

• Marginal mandibulectomy may remove part of the jaw’s rim.
  
• Segmental mandibulectomy removes a full section if bone is involved.
  
• Neck dissection removes lymph nodes if there’s a chance cancer has spread.

When larger pieces of tissue are removed, microvascular reconstructive surgery helps rebuild the jaw and surrounding areas. Surgeons may use bone or tissue from your leg or forearm to restore shape and function.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation uses targeted energy beams to destroy cancer cells. It’s used:

• After surgery, if the margins are close or cancer spreads to the lymph nodes.
  
• Instead of surgery, if the tumor can’t be removed or if you’re not a surgical candidate.

Modern radiation, such as IMRT (intensity-modulated radiation therapy), aims the dose precisely, which helps protect nearby areas, like the salivary glands.

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Treatment involves several planning visits and is given in short daily sessions over several weeks.

Medicines and Immunotherapy

Systemic therapies treat cancer throughout the body. They’re often used when gum cancer has spread or returned after local treatment.

• Chemotherapy ⁠— Often uses cisplatin, either with radiation or in combination with other drugs.
  
• Targeted therapy ⁠— Cetuximab blocks EGFR, a protein some tumors overproduce. It’s typically used with radiation and can be combined with (or used after) chemotherapy in recurrent or metastatic disease.
  
• Immunotherapy ⁠⁠— Drugs like pembrolizumab or nivolumab help your immune system find and attack cancer. They’re used in recurrent or metastatic cases.

Side Effects of Treatment and Rehab

Treatments can cause tough side effects, so planning ahead (called pre-habilitation) is key. Working with your care team before treatment can help avoid long-term problems.

Three rehab pillars make a big difference:

• Dental care ⁠— Remove risky teeth before radiation, use fluoride trays, and prevent infections.
  
• Nutrition support ⁠— High-protein meals and, in some cases, a feeding tube to maintain strength.
  
• Speech and swallowing therapy ⁠— Exercises before and after treatment help preserve function, especially when radiation affects the tongue or throat muscles.

Some common side effects include:

• Dry mouth (xerostomia)
  
• Painful mouth sores (mucositis)
  
• Jawbone damage (osteoradionecrosis), especially if radiation involves the mandible
  
• Trouble swallowing or speaking

Follow-Up and Prevention of Gum Cancer

After treatment, regular follow-up helps catch recurrences early and manage side effects. Most recurrences happen within the first 2–3 years.

AHNS guidelines suggest this follow-up schedule:

• Year 1 ⁠— Checkups every 1 to 3 months
  
• Year 2 ⁠— Every 2 to 6 months
  
• Years 3 to 5 ⁠— Every 4 to 8 months
  
• After year 5 ⁠— Yearly for life

Your team may also do a PET/CT scan a few months after treatment and repeat it if symptoms arise. Prevention efforts focus on avoiding tobacco and alcohol, staying on top of dental care.