Gum Infection: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Home Remedies

Gum infection, also known as periodontal disease or periodontitis, is a serious bacterial infection of the gums and tissues surrounding the teeth.

If left untreated, gum infection can lead to severe consequences, including tooth loss, bone loss, and other serious health complications. Early detection and treatment of gum infection are crucial to prevent its progression and maintain oral health.

In this article, we’ll identify the early signs of gum infection, factors that contribute to gum disease, various treatment options available, and preventive measures.

What Are the Symptoms of Gum Infection?

Healthy gums are firm and pale pink. Swelling, redness, and tenderness indicate inflammation caused by bacterial infection.

These symptoms are often the first signs of gingivitis, the early stage of gum disease that can progress to periodontitis if untreated.

Other symptoms to watch out for include:

• Bleeding gums while brushing or flossing — Bleeding gums are a sign of inflammation and infection. Persistent bleeding should prompt a visit to the dentist.
• Persistent bad breath (halitosis) — Bad breath that doesn’t go away after brushing can be caused by bacteria in the mouth. It is often a sign of gum disease, as the bacteria causing the infection produce foul-smelling compounds.
• Loose teeth — As gum disease progresses, it can destroy the bone and tissue that support the teeth, causing them to become loose. Loose teeth are a serious symptom indicating advanced periodontitis, which can lead to tooth loss if not treated promptly.
• Pus between teeth and gums — Pus is a sign of infection, indicating that the body is trying to fight off bacteria. It is a clear indication of a severe infection that requires immediate dental intervention.
• Receding gums — This symptom can lead to increased sensitivity and is a sign of progressing gum disease, which can result in tooth loss if untreated.

What Are the Causes of Gum Infection?

Gum infection is primarily caused by plaque buildup on the teeth. Plaque is a sticky film of bacteria that forms on the teeth when bacteria in the mouth mix with sugary or starchy foods.

If not removed through regular brushing and flossing, plaque can harden into tartar, which is much more difficult to remove.

The bacteria in plaque produce toxins that irritate the gums, leading to inflammation and infection. This process can result in gingivitis, the earliest stage of gum disease, which can progress to periodontitis if left untreated.

Other Factors That Lead to Gum Infection

There are other things besides bad brushing and flossing habits that can increase your risk of gum disease, such as:

• Dry mouth (xerostomia) — Saliva helps wash away food particles and bacteria. A lack of saliva can lead to increased plaque buildup and a higher risk of gum disease.
• Smoking and tobacco use — Tobacco products can suppress the immune system and reduce blood flow to the gums. This makes it harder for the gums to heal and fight off infections, significantly increasing the risk of gum disease.
• Hormonal changes — Hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy, puberty, menstruation, and menopause can affect the gums. These changes can make gums more sensitive and prone to inflammation and infection.
• Certain medications — Some medications can reduce saliva production or cause gum overgrowth. Reduced saliva can lead to dry mouth, while gum overgrowth can create pockets where bacteria can thrive, both increasing the risk of gum disease.
• Underlying health conditions — Conditions like diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and other systemic diseases can affect gum health. These conditions can impair the body's ability to fight infections, making the gums more susceptible to disease.

Treatment Options for Gum Infection

Professional dental treatment can help manage gum infections effectively. Here are the different treatment options depending on the severity of the infection:

• Professional cleaning (scaling and root planing) — This non-surgical procedure involves removing plaque and tartar from above and below the gum line. Scaling removes the deposits, while root planing smooths the root surfaces to help the gums reattach to the teeth. 
• Antibiotics — In severe infections, antibiotics may be prescribed to reduce bacterial load and inflammation. They help control bacterial infection and are often used with other treatments to enhance effectiveness.

For advanced stages of gum disease, surgical interventions may be necessary. Common procedures include:

• Flap surgery to remove tartar deposits in deep pockets
• Bone grafts to regenerate lost bone
• Soft tissue grafts to cover exposed roots

Surgery is crucial for treating severe periodontitis, preventing further damage, and restoring the health of the gums and supporting structures.

A dentist can provide a proper diagnosis and develop a tailored treatment plan to address your specific needs and prevent the progression of the disease.

Home Remedies for Gum Infection

While professional dental treatment is essential for effectively managing gum infections, certain home remedies can help alleviate symptoms and support overall oral health. However, these remedies should not replace professional care but can be used alongside it.

Here are some effective home remedies for gum infection:

Saltwater Rinse

A saltwater rinse can help reduce inflammation, ease pain, and reduce bacteria in the mouth and gums. 

To do this, mix 1/2 to 3/4 teaspoon of salt in a glass of lukewarm water. Swish the solution in your mouth for up to 30 seconds, then spit it out. Repeat two to three times per day.

Warm Compress

Applying a warm compress can help soothe pain and reduce swelling in the gums.

To do this, soak a clean cloth in warm water, wring out the excess, and apply it to the affected area for 5 to 10 minutes. Repeat as needed.

Brushing and Flossing with Gentle Technique

Maintaining good oral hygiene by brushing and flossing gently can help remove plaque and prevent further gum irritation. 

Brush your teeth at least twice daily with a soft-bristle toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste. Floss daily to remove plaque and food particles between teeth.

Oil Pulling

Oil pulling involves swishing coconut oil in the mouth to reduce bacteria and improve oral health. Note that scientific evidence supporting oil pulling is limited.

To do this, swish 1 tablespoon of oil in your mouth for 15 to 20 minutes, then spit it out and rinse with water. Do this once daily.

Why Should You Consult a Dentist Before Doing Home Remedies?

While these home remedies can provide temporary relief and support oral health, you must consult a dentist if you experience symptoms of a gum infection.

Professional evaluation and treatment are necessary to address the underlying cause of the infection and prevent complications. Always seek medical advice before trying any home remedies, especially if you have severe symptoms such as extreme pain, bleeding, or fever.

By combining home remedies with professional dental care, you can effectively manage gum infections and maintain optimal oral health. Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices are key to preventing gum disease and ensuring a healthy smile.

How to Prevent Gum Infections

Here’s a quick guide to help you maintain healthy gums and prevent infections:

• Brush twice daily — Brushing your teeth at least twice helps remove plaque.
• Floss daily — Flossing removes food particles and plaque from between the teeth and along the gum line, areas a toothbrush cannot reach.
• Regular dental checkups — Checkups every six months allow for early detection of dental issues such as gum disease, making treatments simpler and more effective. Professional cleanings remove plaque and tartar that cannot be eliminated by brushing and flossing alone.
• A balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals — A diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains provides essential nutrients that support gum health. Calcium, vitamin C, and antioxidants are important for maintaining healthy gums and preventing infections.
• Avoid tobacco products — Quitting smoking can improve gum health and enhance the effectiveness of treatments for gum disease.
• Manage stress — Chronic stress can weaken the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight infections, including those affecting the gums. Practice techniques such as yoga, meditation, or deep breathing exercises to support overall health and reduce the risk of gum disease.

If you notice any signs of gum infection, don't hesitate to contact your dentist. They'll be able to assess the situation and recommend the best course of action, whether a simple cleaning or a more involved treatment.